Python 类中有两个特殊的修饰符 @classmethod 和 @staticmethod(即类方法和静态方法),想要理解需要先理解类属性和实例属性的感念
看下面的代码
- >>> class TestProperty(object):
- ... class_property = "class property"
- ...
- ... def __init__(self):
- ... self.instance_property = "instance property"
- >>>
- >>> test_property = TestProperty()
- >>> # 实例可以访问实例属性和类属性
- >>> print test_property.class_property
- class property
- >>> print test_property.instance_property
- instance property
- >>> # 类可以访问类属性
- >>> print TestProperty.class_property
- class property
- >>> # 但不可以访问实例属性
- >>> print TestProperty.instance_property
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
- AttributeError: type object 'TestProperty' has no attribute 'instance_property'
- >>> # 注意下面的报错
- >>> del test_property.class_property
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
- AttributeError: class_property
总结起来就是:
- >>> class TestMethod(object):
- ... class_property = "class property"
- ... def __init__(self):
- ... self.instance_property = "instance property"
- ... def instance_method(self, arvg):
- ... print "instance_method(%s, %s)" % (self, arvg)
- ... print "instance property: ", self.instance_property
- ... @classmethod
- ... def class_method(cls, arvg):
- ... print "class_method(%s, %s)" % (cls, arvg)
- ... print "class property: ", cls.class_property
- ... @staticmethod
- ... def static_method(arvg):
- ... print "static_method(%s)" % arvg
- ...
- >>>
- >>> test_method = TestMethod()
- >>> # 执行普通方法, 打印出实例的内存地址和实例属性
- >>> test_method.instance_method("Hello")
- instance_method(<__main__.TestMethod object at 0x7fd8fc56eb90>, Hello)
- instance property: instance property
- >>> # 执行类方法
- >>> # 通过实例访问, 打印出类本身和类属性
- >>> test_method.class_method("Hello")
- class_method(<class '__main__.TestMethod'>, Hello)
- class property: class property
- >>> # 通过类直接访问, 同上
- >>> TestMethod.class_method("Hello")
- class_method(<class '__main__.TestMethod'>, Hello)
- class property: class property
- >>> # 执行静态方法
- >>> # 通过实例访问, 打印出静态方法本身
- >>> test_method.static_method("Hello")
- static_method(Hello)
- >>> # 通过类直接访问, 同上
- >>> TestMethod.static_method("Hello")
- static_method(Hello)
可以看出类方法中 cls 代表的是类本身, 如果将类方法中的访问类属性的 cls 去掉,则会报出 NameError 的错误
- >>> class TestMethod(object):
- ... class_property = "class property"
- ... @classmethod
- ... def class_method(cls, arvg):
- ... print "class property: ", cls.class_property
- ...
- >>> TestMethod.class_method("Hello")
- class property:
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
- File "<stdin>", line 5, in class_method
- NameError: global name 'class_property' is not defined
可以通过在实例方法中直接通过 TestMethod.class_property 来访问,但是这样不方便也不好维护(如果类名称改了,就会出错),也可以使用 self.class_property 来访问, 但注意,实例本身获取的并不应该是类属性即 TestMethod.class_property ,只是因为实例中并没有 class_property 这个变量,而是通过查找类属性,发现有同名变量,然后打印出来,通过上面无法实例无法删除类属性是可以看出来的。当然,如果不信,可以看下面的例子。
- >>> class TestMethod(object):
- ... class_property = "class property"
- ... def __init__(self):
- ... pass
- ...
- >>> test_method = TestMethod()
- >>> id(test_method.class_property)
- 140488040794968
- >>> id(TestMethod.class_property)
- 140488040794968
- >>> print test_method.class_property
- class property
- >>> test_method.class_property = test_method.class_property + "!!!"
- >>> print test_method.class_property
- class property!!!
- >>> print TestMethod.class_property
- class property
- >>> id(test_method.class_property)
- 140488040795080
- >>> id(TestMethod.class_property)
- 140488040794968