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python爬虫scrapy的LinkExtractor

时间:05-21来源:作者:点击数:

使用背景:

  我们通常在爬去某个网站的时候都是爬去每个标签下的某些内容,往往一个网站的主页后面会包含很多物品或者信息的详细的内容,我们只提取某个大标签下的某些内容的话,会显的效率较低,大部分网站的都是按照固定套路(也就是固定模板,把各种信息展示给用户),LinkExtrator就非常适合整站抓取,为什么呢?因为你通过xpath、css等一些列参数设置,拿到整个网站的你想要的链接,而不是固定的某个标签下的一些链接内容,非常适合整站爬取。

 1 import scrapy
 2 from scrapy.linkextractor import LinkExtractor
 3 
 4 class WeidsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
 5     name = "weids"
 6     allowed_domains = ["wds.modian.com"]
 7     start_urls = ['http://www.gaosiedu.com/gsschool/']
 8 
 9     def parse(self, response):
10         link = LinkExtractor(restrict_xpaths='//ul[@class="cont_xiaoqu"]/li')
11         links = link.extract_links(response)
12         print(links)

links是一个list

我们来迭代一下这个list

1         for link in links:
2             print(link)

links里面包含了我们要提取的url,那我们怎么才能拿到这个url呢?

直接在for循环里面link.url就能拿到我们要的url和text信息

1         for link in links:
2             print(link.url,link.text)

别着急,LinkExtrator里面不止一个xpath提取方法,还有很多参数。

>allow:接收一个正则表达式或一个正则表达式列表,提取绝对url于正则表达式匹配的链接,如果该参数为空,默认全部提取。

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 import scrapy
 3 from scrapy.linkextractor import LinkExtractor
 4 
 5 class WeidsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
 6     name = "weids"
 7     allowed_domains = ["wds.modian.com"]
 8     start_urls = ['http://www.gaosiedu.com/gsschool/']
 9 
10     def parse(self, response):
11         pattern = '/gsschool/.+\.shtml'
12         link = LinkExtractor(allow=pattern)
13         links = link.extract_links(response)
14         print(type(links))
15         for link in links:
16             print(link)

>deny:接收一个正则表达式或一个正则表达式列表,与allow相反,排除绝对url于正则表达式匹配的链接,换句话说,就是凡是跟正则表达式能匹配上的全部不提取。

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 import scrapy
 3 from scrapy.linkextractor import LinkExtractor
 4 
 5 class WeidsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
 6     name = "weids"
 7     allowed_domains = ["wds.modian.com"]
 8     start_urls = ['http://www.gaosiedu.com/gsschool/']
 9 
10     def parse(self, response):
11         pattern = '/gsschool/.+\.shtml'
12         link = LinkExtractor(deny=pattern)
13         links = link.extract_links(response)
14         print(type(links))
15         for link in links:
16             print(link)

>allow_domains:接收一个域名或一个域名列表,提取到指定域的链接。

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 import scrapy
 3 from scrapy.linkextractor import LinkExtractor
 4 
 5 class WeidsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
 6     name = "weids"
 7     allowed_domains = ["wds.modian.com"]
 8     start_urls = ['http://www.gaosiedu.com/gsschool/']
 9 
10     def parse(self, response):
11         domain = ['gaosivip.com','gaosiedu.com']
12         link = LinkExtractor(allow_domains=domain)
13         links = link.extract_links(response)
14         print(type(links))
15         for link in links:
16             print(link)

>deny_domains:和allow_doains相反,拒绝一个域名或一个域名列表,提取除被deny掉的所有匹配url。

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 import scrapy
 3 from scrapy.linkextractor import LinkExtractor
 4 
 5 class WeidsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
 6     name = "weids"
 7     allowed_domains = ["wds.modian.com"]
 8     start_urls = ['http://www.gaosiedu.com/gsschool/']
 9 
10     def parse(self, response):
11         domain = ['gaosivip.com','gaosiedu.com']
12         link = LinkExtractor(deny_domains=domain)
13         links = link.extract_links(response)
14         print(type(links))
15         for link in links:
16             print(link)

>restrict_xpaths:我们在最开始做那个那个例子,接收一个xpath表达式或一个xpath表达式列表,提取xpath表达式选中区域下的链接。

>restrict_css:这参数和restrict_xpaths参数经常能用到,所以同学必须掌握,个人更喜欢xpath。

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 import scrapy
 3 from scrapy.linkextractor import LinkExtractor
 4 
 5 class WeidsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
 6     name = "weids"
 7     allowed_domains = ["wds.modian.com"]
 8     start_urls = ['http://www.gaosiedu.com/gsschool/']
 9 
10     def parse(self, response):
11         link = LinkExtractor(restrict_css='ul.cont_xiaoqu > li')
12         links = link.extract_links(response)
13         print(type(links))
14         for link in links:
15             print(link)

>tags:接收一个标签(字符串)或一个标签列表,提取指定标签内的链接,默认为tags=(‘a’,‘area’)

>attrs:接收一个属性(字符串)或者一个属性列表,提取指定的属性内的链接,默认为attrs=(‘href’,),示例,按照这个中提取方法的话,这个页面上的某些标签的属性都会被提取出来,如下例所示,这个页面的a标签的href属性值都被提取到了。

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 import scrapy
 3 from scrapy.linkextractor import LinkExtractor
 4 
 5 class WeidsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
 6     name = "weids"
 7     allowed_domains = ["wds.modian.com"]
 8     start_urls = ['http://www.gaosiedu.com/gsschool/']
 9 
10     def parse(self, response):
11         link = LinkExtractor(tags='a',attrs='href')
12         links = link.extract_links(response)
13         print(type(links))
14         for link in links:
15             print(link)

前面我们讲了这么多LinkExtractor的基本用法,上面的只是为了快速试验,真正的基本用法是结合Crawler和Rule,代码如下

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 import scrapy
 3 from scrapy.linkextractor import  LinkExtractor
 4 from scrapy.spiders.crawl import CrawlSpider,Rule
 5 
 6 
 7 class GaosieduSpider(CrawlSpider):
 8     name = "gaosiedu"
 9     allowed_domains = ["www.gaosiedu.com"]
10     start_urls = ['http://www.gaosiedu.com/']
11     restrict_xpath = '//ul[@class="schoolList clearfix"]'
12     allow = '/gsschool/.+\.shtml'
13     rules = {
14         Rule(LinkExtractor(restrict_xpaths=restrict_xpath), callback="parse_item", follow=True)
15     }
16 
17     def parse_item(self,response):
18         schooll_name = response.xpath('//div[@class="area_nav"]//h3/text()').extract_first()
19         print(schooll_name)

简单的说一下,上面我们本应该继承scrapy.Spider类,这里需要继承CrawlSpider类(因为CrawlSpider类也是继承了scrapy.Spider类),rules是基本写法,可不是随便哪个单词都可以的啊,而且注意rules必须是一个list或者dict,如果是tuple的话就会报错。里面的话Rule里面包含了几个参数,LinkExtractor就不在这里熬述了,看上面就行,至于其他的几个参数,可以看我们另外一篇文章:https://www.cdsy.xyz/computer/programme/Python/230521/cd43833.html

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